企业贷款论文？

求银行方面英文文献，资料

Interest rate marketability and our country State-owned Commercial bank countermeasure

Interest rate marketability connotation

The so-called interest rate marketability, is refers to the money market fund supply and demand both sides independent determination interest rate level interest rate decision mechanism vicissitude process 。Says specifically, the interest rate marketability is refers to the Central Bank to need to regulate the datum interest rate according to the monetary policy, various commercial bank saves the loan interest rate according to the fund market supply and demand change independent adjustment, Finally forms take Central Bank datum interest rate as the guidance, multi-level, can manifest fund supply and demand condition and the reflection Central Bank monetary policy intention interest rate operational mechanism fully。The interest rate marketability emphasis interest rate really reflected the fund cost and the supply-demand relation, effectively display its economical leverage nimbly。

一. Our country interest rate marketability reform existence question

Is opp.o.s ite says in the Chinese economic reform and the opening to the outside world overall step, the interest rate marketability reform progresses slowly. Looked on the present situation that, our country not yet completely realizes the interest rate marketability, the interest rate control creates the interest rate this important price release lever to receive the serious restraint in the resources disp.o.s ition aspect function, the interest rate structure distortion. Our country interest rate system marketability degree quite is also low, mainly displays in following several aspects:

1. The interest rate control degree is high, the interest rate level and the structure are incompatible, and the bank independency is restricted. The current our country interest rate policy movement environment controls the interest rate primarily, the interest rate level decision, the difference interest rate policy making and so on the related interest rate each aspect policy all by the government strict control, displays the high planning and closeness.

2. The interest rate level determination has certain subjective blindness; the rate adjustment flexibility is insufficient. At present our country interest rate level decision is makes by the monetary policy committee, the interest rate decision-making power high degree of concentration in the central authorities, the interest rate formulation and the adjustment has the serious time lag effect.

3. Lacks the effective market datum interest rate. On November 1, 2003, the NAP Standing Committee Cheng Sewer, vice chairman of the Forum, said: "The market-oriented interest rates, the key is to set the benchmark interest rate. The benchmark interest rate is determined, in order to determine the interest rate structure, risk structure. No established the benchmark rate, the interest rate market is a empty sentences. "Benchmark rate in the entire interest rate system has played a core role and prevents other interest rates, in a sense, the benchmark interest rate options and determine the interest rate market is the core of the reform steps.

二．Implements the interest rate marketability state-owned commercial bank significance

First, is advantageous to the expansion state-owned commercial bank right of autonomous management, the enhancement competitive power. After the interest rate lets loose, the bank had the independent fixed price power, may use this kind of right to independence and its flexible full display fully. The various countries' reform experience indicated that, after the interest rate marketability, the dep.o.s it real interest rate all has the different scope raise. The real interest rate rise will have the p.o.s itive influence to the dep.o.s it, the attraction fund from bank systems and so on the stock market, black market accepts the human bank system, the enhancement commercial bank's competitive power. Next, is advantageous in raises the state-owned commercial bank management level. The interest rate marketability causes the fund price to let loose truly. Price competition between the banks presents the new ball game from this. But the price competition must rise take the low cost fund as the backing. In order to gain the low cost capital source, various bank in the financial product, the marketing strategy, service method general unfolds manager respectively, this will intensify inevitably the competition intense degree, will urge the bank change management way, who will grasp is initiative who to be able to obtain market (In the new situation, the commercial bank guild cared about the interest rate market change situation and the international interest rate undulation tendency, and according to own situation, determines the cost scientifically, formulates the price reasonably, the enhancement economic accounting, strengthens its profit ability. It can be said that, the interest rate marketability reform, the interest rate production mechanism transformation, is to a commercial bank management and operation from inside to outside comprehensive forging. Is once more advantageous in creates a relatively fair competition environment. The interest rate marketability and the money market consummation is a process which complements one another. The developed money market is the interest rate marketability reliable guarantee. Because in the developed consummation money market, the financial tool type is rich, financial main body multi-dimensional, the financing way is diverse, the competition is full, the interest rate can reflect fully the fund price, can guide the resources reasonable disp.o.s ition, enhances the resources use efficiency. Otherwise, the interest rate marketability can promote the money market development consummation; The money market is the interest rate marketability advancement beginning, also will be carries on the risk management to the interest rate the place, the interest rate system change promotes the money market development. Finally, is advantageous in speeds up the microscopic main body the property right reform, interest rate marketability important condition is the state-owned enterprise and the state-owned commercial bank's property right must be clear. The property right is not clear, is not strong to the interest intrinsic budget restraint, exceeds the time limit the risk responsibility to attenuate, and cannot be keen to the interest rate reflection. At present, our country State-owned Commercial bank and very big part of state-owned enterprise's property right slurred, the interest rate market changed into its reform to provide the power, on objective impelled their property right reform.

三．The interest rate marketability causes the state-owned commercial bank faced with to challenge sternly

The interest rate marketability, is the historical stage which our country Commercial bank must pass through, can impel our country State-owned Commercial bank enormously the reform. But after the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level change does not decide, Our country Commercial bank which survives under the control p.o.s sibly can develop the new financial tool for a long time to dodge the interest rate risk without enough time, will certainly to face the stern challenge, this displays in:

1．

Has enlarged the bank rate risk. After the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level ascension and the irregular undulation enlarge, intensified the bank vulnerability, ha have enlarged the bank rate risk. After the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level ascension and the irregular undulation enlarge, intensified the bank vulnerability, have the p.o.s sibility to cause the bank crisis extremely the occurrence. As a result of our country long-term interest rate control, the interest rate by artificial force down, after the interest rate is let loose, the interest rate level can elevate inevitably. The analysis indicated that, in the credit activity, along with the real interest rate enhancement, the risk borrower more will become the bank by chance the customer, But loathes the risk originally the enterprise borrowers also favor in change oneself project the nature, enable it to have a higher risk and the income level. The cause property average horizontal drop in quality, the credit risk increases.

Moreover, from looked for a long time that, the interest rate change the fund supply and demand real-time influence, can undulate frequently, but the interest rate undulation namely meant risk existence. How forecast accurately the interest rate change tendency, the reasonable determination has the competitive advantage price water; how assigns scientifically saves, the loan deadline layout, maintains the best advantage bad level;

How forecast accurately the interest rate change tendency, the reasonable determination has the competitive advantage price water � How assigns scientifically saves, the loan deadline layout, maintains the best advantage bad level; How adjusts the property debt structure nimbly,

Enhances prepares pays the level, the active control interest rate forms fluid wind �? How will supervise perfectly restricts the mechanism, prevented has human sentiment interest rate risk and so on, these will all cause the commercial bank faced with the stern test.

2．Leads the service to the commercial bank to have the huge impact. Along with the interest rate marketability, various bank launches the intense contention superiority customer to save the loan war inevitably, the keen competition will cause to save the loan advantage difference large scale deflation. At the same time, the interest rate marketability impetus money market development, the massive enterprise temporary fund no longer rises in value through the dep.o.s it form, but is in the capital market, the money market puts in obtains the short-term to receive；Whether there is does the inhabitant also no longer excessively regard as important only contains the risk value dep.o.s it interest rate, pays attention contains the risk value the money market to receive �? The bank leadership service will be under the huge impact.

It can be said, after interest rate marketability, bank true competition magic weapon instead outside interest rate method. Because the monetary fund is highly the homogeneity commodity, the grade of service is more important, highly effective, the low cost manages finances the service enable the customer to have a higher income, has the attraction to the customer.

3．Prop.o.s ed the challenge to the bank management and operation.

Under interest rate control system, regardless of is the interest rate level or counts the rest method all to have the country to decide, regardless of how the country does adjust saves the loan interest rate, all fully considered commercial bank actual situation, maintains the reasonable advantage bad level throughout. Commercial bank's interest rate management is extremely simple, so long as gives according to the People's Bank the fluctuation scope carries out the national interest rate level then, the interest rate change is limited, the interest rate risk is controllable. In such situation, the bank management is inevitably passive. But in under the interest rate marketability condition, the intense market competition forces the bank either to use the price method, through raises the dep.o.s it interest rate, reduces the loan interest rate to attract the customer; Either depends upon the high quality service, through the function innovation, the product innovation, the technological innovation satisfies the customer. But this request commercial bank changes present the management, the method and the organization system.

4．Prop.o.s ed the challenge to the commercial bank staff quality. Along with interest rate marketability reform advancement quickening, the interest rate risk enlarge, will strengthen to the future interest rate trend analyzes and forecast oneself will be very urgent. The state-owned commercial bank seeks the financial professional who needs one batch of this aspect high quality, not only these people must have the deep theory foundation of basic skills, but also must have the rich commercial bank practice experience, Both must thoroughly understand the domestic interest rate change the undulation condition, and must be skilled in the forecast interest rate change tendency. But the present state-owned bank lacks generally can promptly effectively the control and the circumvention interest rate risk tool and the interest rate risk management professional, to the interest rate trend development forecast, the risk recognition and control is weak.

四．The state-owned commercial bank should to strategy

Along with the interest rate marketability advancement, the interest rate is more and more big to the state-owned commercial bank's influence, in this situation, the state-owned commercial bank should seek p.o.s itively should to the strategy.

1．Establishment finance product fixed price system. In the interest rate marketability situation, whether does the commercial bank draw up a science reasonable fixed price system, has the nimble effective quoted price ability, the realization risk �? Between 20 income balances,

Is key which whether it does develop continually. In this process, must establish the effective comprehensive income reckoning system, the overall evaluation customer comprehensive income which brings to the commercial bank，The customer credit risk size, the loan deadline length is the interest rate risk size, as well as commercial bank's collection fund cost and the operation cost share and so on the aspect questions。

2．Increases the middle service product development ability, the adjustment profit structure. After the interest rate marketability, the bank saves, the loan favorable difference reduces, the profit level reduces, and this request state-owned commercial bank must develop the middle service vigorously. The bank may while develop p.o.s itively receives on another's behalf, pays on another's behalf and so on service, uses the commercial bank market main body qualifications fully, p.o.s itively provides the proxy for other financial organ to distribute the bond, the silver card account transfer, the proxy insures, the fund trust, the broker manages finances, The property management, financial consultant, the investment consultation and so on, enhances the middle service to buy a girl child, on own initiative develops the low risk, the high income middle service new variety p.o.s itively, promotes the bank large scale by this profit ability, promotes the bank sustainable development.

3．Establishes nimbly, the highly effective interest rate management organization, trains the interest rate managerial talent vigorously. According to the Bethel bank supervising and managing committee about the bank effective supervising and managing core principle request, under the interest rate marketability environment, various commercial bank must set up the specialized interest rate risk management department, manages and instructs the entire good interest rate work, Coordinates and coordinates inside and outside the bank to be connected the work. The interest rate control section's most important task is carries on the comprehensive interest rate sensitive tube on the bank asset debt level ; Exterior determination, internal advantage � The definite general headquarters to branch office's interest rate authorization, are responsible for staff interest rate risk management training and so on. In addition, but also should establish the high interest rate information communication channel, after the interest rate marketability, the commercial bank interior enhances greatly about the interest rate information transmission effectiveness, guarantees can transmit promptly general headquarters formulation each interest rate to commercial bank's any business mesh point, guarantees the commercial bank interest rate policy the unity.

4．Speeds up the state-owned commercial bank the property right reform. Stipulated according to "Law of corporation" that, the commercial bank belongs to the competitive profession, does not need to adopt the state-owned sole ownership property right, and does not have the legal barrier to its joint stock system transformation. To the state-owned commercial bank's property right reform, its concrete transformation form establishes the joint stock system commercial bank. The reality in China, in accordance with international practice, and gradually achieve solely by the state to transform the state-owned holding company, and ultimately joint-stock limited companies, and establish corporate system of corporate governance institutions, the establishment of the right to operate, ownership and the right to supervise the separation of the framework, China's commercial banks to become real significance of commercial banks, do business operations.

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率市场化与我国国有商业银行对策

利率市场化的内涵

所谓利率市场化，是指金融市场资金供求双方自主确定利率水平的利率决定机制的变迁过程。具体讲，利率市场化是指中央银行根据货币政策的需要调控基准利率，各商业银行根据资金市场的供求变化自主调节存贷款利率，最终形成以中央银行基准利率为引导，多层次、能够充分体现资金供求状况和反映中央银行货币政策意图的利率运行机制。利率市场化强调利率真实地反映资金成本与供求关系，灵活有效地发挥其经济杠杆作用.

急求一篇关于小微企业信用贷款的英文文献，要有中文翻译！！！急急急急急啊！！！

关于中国小微企业信贷发展文献综述

一．引言 小微企业在我国经济发展中发挥着越来越重要的作用。据统计，目前我国小 微企业数量已占到全国企业总数的99%以上，涵盖了国民经济的所有行业，它们对GDP的贡献率超过60%，对税收的贡献率超过50%，并提供了80%的城镇就业岗位，俨然成为国民经济的重中之重。 然而，资金紧缺、融资困难却一直制约着小微企业的发展壮大。一方面小微企业受自身规模小、固定资产少、会计制度不健全等问题困扰，不能给银行提供充足的抵押品和银行需要的相关材料；另一方面，管理不规范、制度不健全、信息不透明、信用不足也是制约小微企业从银行获得贷款的最大障碍。 以此为背景，笔者尝试对该领域内主要贡献者的观点及建议进行归纳，并梳理其理论逻辑，力求理解小微企业，进而提出对于信贷的建议。具体讲，从小微企业产生、发展和变迁的全过程看，它的特殊性究竟是什么？我们如何将其引导到一种理想的未来状态？大致从哪几方面着手？具体的应对措施及建议是什么？本文期望能为人们进一步寻求上述问题的答案提供一些有益的视角。 本文对文献的综述基本上按照论述对象的顺序转变安排进程。围绕企业，银行及政府三方面论述小微企业面临的现状及困境，对于整体的局势以及趋势有一个立体的了解并来提出部分建议。尽管文献的视角各不相同，但都是基于改善中国小微企业面临的困境，夯实发展基础的初衷。

二．小微企业面临的信贷困境及原因 融资渠道狭窄，融资困难。小微企业由于在投资规模、技术含量、竞争实力等方面处于弱势地位，获得和利用政策信息的渠道不通、能力不强，在融资方面难以享受与大中型企业的同等待遇[1]。目前小微企业融资渠道主要有银行、小额贷款公司、担保公司以及民间借贷等四种途径。即使国家出台相关优惠政策支持小微企业融资，但基于融资成本、审批流程的考虑，小微企业或更倾向于通过亲友借贷来解决融资需求，然而，资金规模却相当有限。根据田耘在经济研究导刊中发表的文章指出，国家统计局抽样调查的3.8 万家小微工业企业经营状况显示，仅有 15.5%的小微企业能够获得银行贷款，年资金缺口近300亿，近80％的小微企业面临资金紧张[2]。尽管微小企业融资呈现出“渠道多元化、来源社会化、行为市场化”的趋势，但总体规模偏小，资金偏紧，条件偏严。小微企业为了避免资金链断裂，不得不转向民间借贷。虽然民间贷款形式较多，但贷款利息高，条件苛刻，小微企业因为资金缺乏举步维艰，其中不少企业处于倒闭、停产、半停产状态，老板频频“跑路”、人心浮躁。

三．小微企业会计代理风险管理 作为一种有效的会计解决方案和新型的社会性会计服务项目，会计代理被越来越多的小微企业所青睐。然而，根据陈军所述，在会计代理过程中，各个相关主体都想使自己的利益得到最大化，于是就产生了各主体间的利益博弈关系[3]；同时，会计代理制度不完善、委托人与会计代理机构之间信息不对称、会计代理机构进入门槛低、从业人员业务水平不高等原因的存在，使得会计代理给相关主体带来了多方面的风险：给小微企业带来财务管理风险和经营管理风险，给会计代理机构带来信誉风险，给相关客户带来经济利益风险，给国家带来税收征缴风险。那么如何加强小微企业会计代理风险管理，

四．基于银行视角的小微企业信贷 我国目前小微企业贷款的开展并不理想，除了极少数银行由于天时地利人和的原因成功走上规模效益道路之外，大部分银行都陷入了进退两难的境地。我国金融机构开展小微企业贷款真正实现盈利的不多，而把微贷业务作为自己核心业务的金融机构更是少之又少，那么如何真正使小微企业从银行等信贷机构获得资本，创造盈利呢？ 目前，充分利用供应链和小微企业的特点开发而成的“供应链金融”模式成为解决小微企业融资难和商业银行增加新盈利渠道的双赢选择。杨海平，冯敏等认为，在供应链金融业务中，如何进行风险管理，从而有效控制和防范风险，是取得成功的关键所在[5]。而在供应链金融的风险管理中，信用风险是最为重要的问题，而且随着信用交易规模的扩大，信用风险越来越大。目前，供应链金融业务发展时间不长，根据彭凯，向宇的研究可以推得，商业银行对于此类业务信用风险的管理和控制尚未形成一套行之有效的方法，更没有完善的专门适用于供应链金融产品的小微企业信用风险评价体系[6]。因此，建立一套适用于基于供应链金融的小微企业信用风险评价指标体系是目前迫切需要解决的问题。 基于供应链金融的小微企业信用风险评价是商业银行为了从总体上分析小微企业的信用风险，不仅分析小微企业过去的信用和财务状况，同时分析小微企业未来的现金流和财务状况，以及小微企业所处供应链系统环境中的利益相关者对其信用风险的影响，以便掌握更多的资料，对小微企业的信用风险作出更加合理、公正的评价，以保证银行信贷的安全性，并有针对性的对小微企业信贷过程中的风险进行有效控制[7] 。 建立一套适合供应链金融下的小微企业的信用风险评价体系，对小微企业来讲，有利于小微企业合理分析和评价自身的综合实力，通过不断改善经营管理，提高自身的资信级别，便于商业银行等金融机构按照企业的经营管理水平和信用状况给予资金支持；对银行机构来讲，可以为商业银行确定贷款风险程度和信贷资产风险管理提供重要的依据，提高小微企业违约成本，从而降低信贷风险[8]；同时为监管部门的监管提供参考依据。 笔者认为，银行等信贷机构在以人为本的业务发展理念基础上，应该尽量将一些环节规范化、制度化、标准化，特别是一些大型银行，可以凭借自己的技术优势，尝试建立和完善银行自身的信用评分模型和数据信息库，进行小微企业贷款的发放，这也是将来的趋势。 五.政府在解决小微企业信贷难题中的作用 小微企业在国民经济发展、就业问题解决、城镇化推进、区域差距缩小等方面具有重要的作用，但是面临融资难、融资成本高的困境。尤其是最近我国部分民营经济发达地区出现民间借贷利率飙升、民间借贷纠纷增加、小微企业融资困境恶化等问题，引发了各方关注。政府在其中该起什么作用，这是一个亟待回答的问题。从世界各国小微企业信贷的实践来看，大量的政府干预并没有取得明显的效果，甚至出现了“好心办坏事”的结果，那么政府应该怎么介入，补贴怎么花，这是关键。

现笔者总结了以下几个建议：

（一）信贷基础设施的完善

1. 信息环境的完善。一方面，对于关系型借贷而言，目前较为成功的小微企业信贷主要是依赖于社会资本。社会资本的形成以及社会资本在软信息生产上具有明显的规模收益递增效应，这意味着政府的介入是必要的。另一方面，缺乏真实可信的财务报表是小微企业信息不透明的主要表现[9]。

税务、审计等部门可以考虑根据不同行业的特征设计小微企业的会计标准，设定简化的、标准化的会计科目和流程[10]。

2. 法律环境的完善。我国在民间借贷方面的立法也几乎是一篇空白。首先要从法律上对合法与不合法的民间借贷加以界定，特别是重新界定非法吸收公众存款、非法集资和正常的民间融资等概念的界限，从而为民间借贷提供合法化的平台，推动民间借贷的阳光化。其次，通过法律的方式明确主要合法民间借贷的定义、借贷主体双方的权利与义务、契约条款形式、交易方式等。第三，尽快从市场准入（包括注册资本金额度、从业资格认证）、产权结构、经营业务种类、规模与区域范围、监管、退出等方面对各类合法民间借贷中介加以规范。

（二）产业组织政策

政府的金融行业产业组织政策会深刻影响银行信贷技术选择、激励机制安排，从而影响小微企业的信贷可得性。首先，就规模而言，应该重视地方性小银行的发展，因为这些银行更容易形成适应于微型企业信贷需求特征的信贷技术创新和内部组织结构[11]，在这一方面比传统大型银行具有比较优势，因此其市场定位不同于传统大型银行。所以，“由大银行服务大企业、小银行服务小企业”的理念基本上形成了共识，通过多层次的金融规模结构来满足不同规模层次企业融资需求的观念深入人心。但是，具体到政策层面，这种理念在实现的过程中并不通畅。这在一定程度上与产权结构有关。汪兴隆也在文中驳“大中型商业银行天然不适合小微企业金融服务”这一观点，并进行了详尽的论述[12]。

因此，笔者认为，应该鼓励一些在小微企业信贷方面经营能力突出的优秀社区银行以银行集团公司的模式实现跨地区经营，促进成功的小微企业信贷经营理念、技术与组织结构的推广，这可以在更大范围内更好得为小微企业的信贷服务。其次，在促进小微企业信贷的组织政策上，最核心的是要促进竞争。放宽小微金融机构的市场准入门槛，组建足够多的小微金融机构，促进小微企业信贷市场的竞争是产业组织政策的关键。人为抑制规模扩张、地域扩张来迫使银行对小微企业进行借贷的政策并不一定有效，促进充分竞争，才能真正解决小微企业信贷难的问题。

（三）放松小微金融机构的规制

1.要放宽小微金融机构的准入条件[13]。大量发展地方性的小微金融机构，是形成充分竞争的地方小微企业信贷市场的前提，是民间借贷规范化的主要途径，也是解决小微企业信贷难的关键措施。

2.要适当放松对小微金融机构的监管，可适当放宽“只贷不存”类金融机构在信息披露、会计准则、风险控制乃至资本充足等方面的监管标准，降低小微企业金融服务成本。

3.在紧缩的宏观调控中要避免误伤小微金融机构和小微企业，通过结构性的政策放松对小微企业的信贷。

4.要放松利率管制[14]。微型企业信贷的单位成本以及风险偏高，人为压低利

率导致贷款收益无法弥补其成本，直接制约了微型企业信贷的供给。鉴于微型企业较高的资本回报率，覆盖成本和风险的市场化利率设定机制是商业化小微企业信贷的前提条件。同时，需要引入弹性利率制度安排，利率随借款人的风险、次数而调整，有助于降低银行经营风险和形成对小微企业的动态激励。 六．总结 在国内外复杂的经济形势下，中国多数小微企业经营状况不好，收益微薄，困难重重。小微企业关乎国计民生，关乎实体经济的健康发展。本文结合文献，分析了当前中国小微企业信贷发展中存在的各方面问题及原因，并提出了部分建议，希望其通过不断改善经营管理，提高自身的资信级别，便于商业银行等金融机构按照企业的经营管理水平和信用状况给予资金支持；对银行机构来讲，可以为商业银行确定贷款风险程度和信贷资产风险管理提供重要的依据，提高小微企业违约成本，从而降低信贷风险；同时为监管部门的监管提供参考依据。支持小微企业健康发展，对于中国经济克服国际金融危机影响，保持平稳较快发展，具有重要的战略意义。

英语：

A summary of the development of literature China Small and micro businesses credit

I. Introduction Small and micro businesses plays a more and more important role in China's economic development.According to statistics, at present, the number of China'sSmall and micro businesses have been accounted for more than 99% of the total number of enterprises, covering allsectors of the national economy, their contribution to the GDP rate of more than 60%, the contribution of the tax rate is more than 50%, and provide 80% of urban jobs, has become a national priority among priorities economy.However, the shortage of funds, financing difficulties has restricted the development of Small and micro businessesgrow. On the one hand Small and micro businesses by itssmall scale, less fixed assets, the accounting system is not perfect and other problems, not to the bank to provide relevant materials need adequate collateral and bank; on the other hand, nonstandard management, system is not perfect, information opaque, insufficient credit also is the biggest obstacle to obtain loans from banks to small and micro enterprises. Taking this as the background, the author tries to summarize the opinion and suggestion to the main contributor to the field, and analyzing its theoretical logic, and strive to understand the Small and micro businesses, and then puts forward suggestions for credit.In particular, the whole process of development andevolution from micro enterprises, look, what is theparticularity of it? How can we be directed to an ideal future state? To roughly from what aspects? What is the counter measures and suggestions for specific? To provide some useful perspective this paper further hope for people seeking answers to the above questions. This paper reviewed the documents in accordance with the order ofthe object basically change the arrangement process.Around the three aspects of enterprises, banks and government discusses the status quo and difficulties Small and micro businesses, for the overall situation and trendshave a solid understanding of and to put forward some suggestions. Although the perspective of literature each are not identical, but are improving China Small and micro businesses face difficulties based on the original intention,firm the development foundation.

Two. Facing Small and micro businesses creditpredicament and cause the narrow channels of financing,financing difficulties. Small and micro businesses due to a weak p.o.s ition in the scale of investment, technology,competition and so on, access to and use of policy information channel is obstructed, ability is not strong,financing difficult to enjoy equal treatment with [1] in large and medium sized enterprises. At present Small and micro businesses financing channels mainly has four ways banks,small loan companies, Guarantee Corporation and private lending. Even if the state issued the relevant preferential policies to support Small and micro businesses financing,but the financing cost, the approval process based on the consideration of Small and micro businesses, or more inclined to friends and relatives lending to solve the financing demand, however, the size of funds is verylimited. According to Tian Yun in the economic research guide in the published article pointed out, the National Bureau of statistics sampling survey of 3.8 thousands of small micro enterprise management status, Small and micro businesses only 15.5% able to obtain bank loans, financing gap of nearly 30000000000 years, Small and micro businesses near 80% face financial strain [2]. Although the financing of small enterprises showing a "channel diversification, socialization, marketization of sourcebehavior" trend, but the overall scale is small, the fund is tight, strict conditions. Small and micro businesses in order to avoid the fund chain break, had to turn to private lending. Although the form of more folk loans, but loanshigh interest, harsh conditions, Small and micro businessesbecause of lack of funds difficult, many enterprises are closed down, stop production, semi shutdown state, the boss frequently "Run away", impetuous.

Three. Small and micro businesses accounting agency risk management as an effective accounting solutions and newsocial accounting services, accounting agents are more and more Small and micro businesses favor. However,according to Chen Jun said, in the process of accounting,the related subject all want to make their own interests to maximize, and thus the game among the interests of subjects between [3]; at the same time, between accountingagency system is not perfect, the principal and theaccounting agency information asymmetry, accountingagency enters a doorsill low, staff service level not higherreasons, the accounting agency risks in many aspectsrelated to the subject: bring the financial management risk and operational risk management to Small and micro businesses, brings credit risk to accounting agency, bring economic benefits to the customer risk, brought to the country tax collection risk. So how to strengthen the Small and micro businesses accounting agency risk management,

Four. The credit Small and micro businesses banks based on China's current development Small and micro businesses loans are not ideal, apart from a few banks due to the right place at the right time

跪求 有关于企业财务风险的参考文献 英文的 4-5个

你好，类似的参考文献也比较多，我们简单写出几条。

1.　Sharpe W F. Capital asset prices:A theory of market equilibrium under conditions of risk[J].Journal of Finance,1964.425-442.

2.　Scholes M. Global financial markets,derivative securities,and systematic risks[J].Journal of Risk and Uncertainty,1996.271-286.

3.　Hamada R S. The effects of the firm's capital structure on the systematic risk of common stocks[J].Journal of Finance,1972.435-452.

4.　Bowman R. The theoretical relationship between systematic risk and financial(accounting) variables[J].Journal of Finance,1979,(03):617-630.

5.　Bowman R. The theoretical relationship between systematic risk and financial (accounting)variables-reply[J].Journal of Finance,1981.749-750.

6.　Lev B. On the association between leverage and risk[J].Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,1974.627-642.

7.　Mandelker G N,Rhee S G. The impact of the degrees of operating and financial leverage on systematic risk of common stock[J].Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,1984,(01):45-57.

8.　Ball R,Brown P. Portfolio theory and aocounting[J].Journal of Accounting Research,1969.300-323.

9.　Beaver W H,Kettler P,Scholes M. The association between market-determined and accounting-determined risk measures[J].The Accounting Review,1970.654-682.

10.　Beaver W H,Manegold J. The association between market-determined and accounting-determined measures of systematic risk:Some further evidence[J].Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,1975.231-284.

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